The microneedle was built in 1998 to push vaccines through skin. The company with the most US microneedle patents now runs it backwards — to read glucose — and just won the first FDA clearance for a needle-free sensor.
219 US patents for devices that read biomarkers from sweat — a category that barely existed before 2010. Half were granted in the last five years.
Two patent clusters that barely knew about each other in 2000 — footwear and consumer electronics — have closed 16% of their distance by 2025. Nike has been patenting sensor-embedded sneakers at the rate of a mid-sized electronics company. Apple has three of its own.