One in eight US patents on immersion cooling for data centers belongs to Baidu — more than Microsoft, Amazon, Google, Nvidia, Intel and Dell combined. It bet heaviest on two-phase cooling, whose working fluid stopped being manufactured at the end of 2025.
For 80 years the carbon-fluorine bond was unbreakable. Then the EPA set a 4-ppt limit, and the patent office filled up with reactors that mineralize forever chemicals instead of relocating them.
Two dozen US patents in five years describe how to break the C-F bond. The trash company, a Battelle spinoff, and a Northwestern lab are all attacking it differently.